Structural architectures of polymer proton exchange membranes suitable for high-temperature fuel cell applications

High-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells offer more advantages than low-temperature PEM cells. The ideal characteristics of HT-PEMs are high conductivities, low-humidity operation conditions, adequate mechanical properties, and competitive costs. Various molecular moieties, such as benzimidazole, benzo-thiazole, imide, ether ketone, have been introduced to polymer chain backbones satisfy the application requirements for HT-PEMs. most common sulfonated polymers based on main employed improve rties. Side group/chain engineering, includ crosslinking, has widely applied further their conductivity, thermal stability, properties. Currently, phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole is successful material in compositing/blending modification methods effective obtaining PA-doping levels superior In this review, current progress various materials used summarized. synthesis performance containing specific moieties discussed systemically. approaches deficiencies associated with analyzed clarified. Prospects future challenges also presented.